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=== Bibliography === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite encyclopedia |first=Norman |last=Calder |title=Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2009 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2008}} *Doi, Abd ar-Rahman I., and Clarke, Abdassamad (2008). ''Shari'ah: Islamic Law''. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd., {{ISBN|978-1-84200-087-8}} (hardback) * Cilardo, Agostino, "Fiqh, History of", in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 201β206. * {{citation|last=DahlΓ©n|first=Ashk |title=Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran|year=2003|location=New York|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415945295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QARHBQAAQBAJ}} *{{cite book |last1=El-Gamal |first1=Mahmoud A. |title=Islamic Finance : Law, Economics, and Practice |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |url=http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf |ref=MAEGIFLEP2006 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403160351/http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2018 |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite journal |journal=[[University of Pennsylvania Law Review]] |volume=136 |issue=4 |date=April 1988 |pages=1231β1261 |doi=10.2307/3312162 |last1=Gaudiosi |first1= Monica M. |title=The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England_ The Case of Merton College |publisher=The University of Pennsylvania Law Review |jstor=3312162|s2cid=153149243 |url=http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3909&context=penn_law_review |url-access=subscription }} *{{cite book |last1=Hawting |first1=G.R. |title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad |date=2000 |publisher=Prometheus Books |location=New York |pages=489β509 |chapter=16. John Wansbrough, Islam, and Monotheism |ref=GRHJWIaM2000}} *{{Cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-85941-729-4 }} *{{Cite book |last=Levy |first=Reuben |title=The Social Structure of Islam |location=UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1957 |isbn=978-0-521-09182-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/socialstructureo0000levy }} *{{Cite journal |last=Makdisi|first=John A.|title=The Islamic Origins of the Common Law |journal=[[North Carolina Law Review]] |date=June 1999 |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=1635β1739}} * {{cite encyclopedia |first=Irene |last=Schneider |title=Fiqh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor=Emad El-Din Shahin |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001|isbn=9780199739356 }} {{refend}}
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